On November 27th, 2022, the 8,000th article was added to the SuccuWiki!

Abbadon: Difference between revisions

From SuccuWiki - The Wiki of the Succubi
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(New page: Category:Demon Names '''Abaddon''' (Hebrew '''אבדון''' ''Avaddon'', Greek ''Apollyon'', Latin ''Exterminans'', meaning "A place of destruction", "The Destroyer", "Depths of Hel...)
 
mNo edit summary
 
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Category:Demon Names]]
[[Category:Demon Names]]
The Hebrew term '''''Abaddon''''' ({{lang-he|אֲבַדּוֹן}}, ''{{lang|he-Latn|'Ǎḇaddōn}}''), and its Greek equivalent '''''Apollyon''''' (Ἀπολλύων, ''Apollyon''), also '''Abbadon''', appear in the Bible as a place of destruction and an angel, respectively. In the Hebrew Bible, ''abaddon'' is used with reference to a bottomless pit, often appearing alongside the place שאול (''sheol''), meaning the land of the dead. In the New Testament Book of Revelation, an angel called Abaddon is written as the king of an army of locusts; his name is first transcribed in Greek (Revelation 9:11 – "whose name in Hebrew Abaddon" (Ἀβαδδὼν)), and then translated ("which in Greek means the Destroyer" (Ἀπολλύων, ''Apollyon'')). The Latin Vulgate, as well as the Douay Rheims Bible, has an additional note (not present in the Greek text), "in Latin Exterminans", ''exterminans'' being the Latin word for "destroyer".




==Judaism==
===Etymology===
According to the Brown Driver Briggs lexicon, the Hebrew ''abaddon'' (Hebrew: אבדון; avadon) is an intensive form of the Semitic root and verb stem ''abad'' (אָבַד) "perish" (transitive "destroy"), which occurs 184 times in the Hebrew Bible. The Septuagint, an early Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, renders "abaddon" as "ἀπώλεια,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.studylight.org/com/jab/view.cgi?bk=65&ch=9 |title=Revelation 9:1 - Johann Albrecht Bengel's Gnomon of the New Testament - Commentaries |publisher=StudyLight.org |date= |accessdate=2014-04-05}}</ref> while the Greek ''Apollyon'' comes from 'apollumi'' (ἀπόλλυμι) "to destroy."


'''Abaddon''' (Hebrew '''אבדון''' ''Avaddon'', Greek ''Apollyon'', Latin ''Exterminans'', meaning "A place of destruction", "The Destroyer", "Depths of Hell") in [[demonology]], is chief of the [[demon]]s of the seventh hierarchy.
===Hebrew Bible===
In the Revelation of St. John, ''Abaddon'' is the King of tormenting locusts and the angel of the bottomless pit. (KJV, Rev. 9:1-11)
The term ''abaddon'' appears six times in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible; ''abaddon'' means destruction or "place of destruction", or the realm of the dead, and is associated with Sheol.  
* Job 26:6: the grave (Sheol) is naked before Him, and destruction (Abaddon) has no covering.
* Job 28:22: destruction (Abaddon) and death say...
* Job 31:12: it is a fire that consumes to destruction (Abaddon)...
* Psalm 88:11: Shall thy loving kindness be declared in the grave (Sheol) or thy faithfulness in destruction (Abaddon)?
* Proverbs 15:11: Hell (Sheol) and Destruction (Abaddon) are before the LORD, how much more than the hearts of the children of men?
* Proverbs 27:20: Hell (Sheol) and Destruction (Abaddon) are never full; so the eyes of man are never satisfied. (KJV, 1611)


==In Christianity==
===Second Temple Era Texts===
Revelation 9:1-11 describes ''Abaddon'' as being the king of the '''bottomless pit locusts''' that resemble battle horses with crowned human faces, having womens' hair (''denoting length''), lions' teeth, locusts' wings, and the tail of a scorpion.
The text of the Thanksgiving Hymns – which was found in the Dead Sea Scrolls – tells of "the Sheol of Abaddon" and of the "torrents of [[Belial]] [that] burst into Abaddon". The ''Biblical Antiquities'' (misattributed to Philo) mentions Abaddon as a place (''sheol'', hell), not as a spirit or demon or angel. Abaddon is also one of the compartments of Gehenna.<ref name="oxford">Metzger & Coogan (1993) ''Oxford Companion to the Bible'', p3.</ref> By extension, it can mean an underworld abode of lost souls, or [[Hell]].


The Thanksgiving Hymns—a copy was also found in the Dead Sea Scrolls—tells of "the Sheol of Abaddon" and of the "torrents of [[Belial]] [that] burst into Abaddon". The [Biblical Antiquities of Philo mentions Abaddon as a place (''sheol'', hell), not as a spirit or demon or angel. In ''Paradise Regained'', John Milton also uses Abaddon as a place—the pit. It appears to have been St. John who first personified the term to stand for an angel. In the 3rd century ''Acts of Thomas'', Abaddon is the name of a demon, or the [[Devil]] himself. Abaddon has also been identified as the angel of death and destruction, demon of the abyss, and chief of demons of the underworld hierarchy, where he is equated with [[Samael]] or [[Satan]]. In magic and alchemy, Abaddon is the Destroying Angel of the Apocalypse. In Francis Barrett's ''The Magus'', Abaddon is pictured, in colour, as one of the evil demons. In Medieval legend, Abaddon was considered as a synonym for Hell and/or the ruler thereof, and in Revelation 9:7-11, he was thought to be the Christian angel of Hell, Michael.
===Rabbinical Literature===
In some legends, Abaddon is identified as a realm where the damned lie in fire and snow, one of the places in [[Hell]] that Moses visited.<ref name="Ginzberg">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/loj/loj206.htm |title=Chapter IV: Moses in Egypt |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |date= |accessdate=2014-04-03}}</ref>


==In Judeo-Christianity==
''Abaddon'' comes to mean "place of destruction", or the realm of the dead, and is associated with Sheol. (Book of Job 26:6; Book of Proverbs 15:11) Abaddon is also one of the compartments of Gehenna.<ref name="oxford">Metzger & Coogan (1993) O''xford Companion to the Bible'', p3.</ref>  By extension, it can mean an underworld abode of lost souls, or [[hell]]. In some legends, it is identified as a realm where the damned lie in fire and snow, one of the places in Hell that Moses visited. <ref name ="Ginzberg">Ginzberg, Lewis. ''The Legends of the Jews'', Volume II: From Joseph to Exodus. 1909.  [http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/loj/loj206.htm] </ref>


==In Paganism==
==Christianity==
In occultism and esoterism, Abaddon is related to blood red, brown and green colours, winter, the month of January, Saturday, intuition, sacrifice and challenge, the ruby and the sword. His Tarot symbol is the one of judgement.
===Etymology===
In LaVeyan Satanism, Abaddon is the first of the infernal names, as it comes first alphabetically, meaning "The Destroyer."
The Greek term "the Destroyer" (''Apollyon'', Ἀπολλύων) is the active participle of ''apollumi'' (ἀπόλλυμι) "to destroy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=a%29po%2Flluwn&la=greek |title=Greek Word Study Tool |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-04-05}}</ref> The term is not used as a name in classical Greek texts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=a)po%252Fllumi&la=greek#lexicon |title=Greek Word Study Tool |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |date= |accessdate=2014-04-05}}</ref>


==Identifying Abaddon==
===New Testament===
The symbolism of Revelation 9:11 leaves the exact identification of Abaddon open for interpretation. Some bible scholars believe him to be the antichrist<ref name="henry">[http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/comm_read.pl?book=Rev&chapter=9&verse=11&Comm=Comm%2Fmhc%2FRev%2FRev009.html%231%26Matthew%26Henry&Select.x=18&Select.y=9#1 Matthew Henry Commentary on Revelation 9], Accessed 4/15/2007</ref> or Satan.<ref name="jfb">[http://www.blueletterbible.org/cgi-bin/comm_read.pl?book=Rev&chapter=9&verse=11&Comm=Comm%2Fjfb%2FRev%2FRev009.html%2359238%26JF+%5E%26B&Select.x=24&Select.y=0 Jamieson, Fausset & Brown Commentary], Accessed 4/15/2007</ref><ref name="halley">Halley (2000) H''alley's Bible Handbook with the New International Version'', p936.</ref><ref name="bbc">MacDonald (1995) B''eliever's Bible Commentary'', p2366.</ref>
The Christian scriptures contain the first known depiction of ''Abaddon'' as an individual entity instead of a place.
{{quotation|Revelation 9:11 And they had a king over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon. KJV, 1611}}


Jehovah's witnesses believe that Abaddon is Jesus.<ref name="kmpdod">[http://www.kingmessiahproject.com/jw_doctrine_of_deception.html Jehovah's Witnesses' Doctrine of Deception], Accessed 4/15/2007</ref><ref name="bp">[http://www.baptistpillar.com/bd0069.htm Baptist Pillar], Accessed 5/17/2007</ref><ref name="wme">[https://www.watchman.org/jw/1404-2.htm Watchman Expositor], Accessed 5/17/2007</ref><ref name="bl">[http://www.macgregorministries.org/jehovahs_witnesses/brighter_light/brighter_light.html Brighter Light], Accessed 5/17/2007</ref><ref name="rt">[http://www.reachouttrust.org/articles/jw/jwabout.htm Reachout Trust], Accessed 5/17/2007</ref> (However, original Jehovah's Witness doctrine stated that Abaddon was Satan.)<ref name="kmpdod"/><ref name="bp"/><ref name="wme"/><ref name="bl"/><ref name="rt"/>
In Revelation 9:11, Abaddon is described as "The Destroyer",<ref name="biblegateway">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation%209:11&version=NIV |title=Revelation 9:11 NIV - They had as king over them the angel of |publisher=Bible Gateway |date= |accessdate=2014-04-05}}</ref> the angel of the abyss,<ref name="biblegateway"/> and as the king of a plague of locusts resembling horses with crowned human faces, women's hair, lions' teeth, wings, iron breast-plates, and a tail with a scorpion's stinger that torments for five months anyone who does not have the seal of God on their foreheads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation%209:7-10&version=NIV |title=Revelation 9:7-10 NIV - The locusts looked like horses prepared |publisher=Bible Gateway |date= |accessdate=2014-04-03}}</ref>
 
===Gnostic Texts===
In the 3rd century Acts of Thomas, Abaddon is the name of a demon, or the [[Devil]] himself.
 
Abaddon is given particularly important roles in two sources, a homily entitled "The Enthronement of Abbaton" by pseudo-Timothy of Alexandria, and the Apocalypse of Bartholomew.<ref name=Aziz>Atiya, Aziz S. ''The Coptic Encyclopedia.'' New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1991. ISBN 0-02-897025-X</ref> In the homily by Timothy, Abbaton was first named ''Muriel'', and had been given the task by [[God]] of collecting the earth which would be used in the creation of Adam. Upon completion of this task, the angel was then named to be guardian. Everyone, including the angels, demons, and corporeal entities, felt fear of him. Abbaton engaged in prayer and ultimately obtained the promise that any men who venerated him during their lifetime stood the chance of being saved. Abaddon is also said to have a prominent role in the Last Judgement, as the one who will take the souls to the Valley of Josaphat.<ref name=Aziz/> He is described in the Apocalypse of Bartholomew as being present in the Tomb of Jesus at the moment of his resurrection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/LostBooks/bartholomew.htm |title=Gospel Of Bartholomew |publisher=Pseudepigrapha.com |date= |accessdate=2014-04-03}}</ref>
 
===Protestant Commentators===
The symbolism of Revelation 9:11 leaves the exact identification of Abaddon open for interpretation. Matthew Henry (1708) believed Abaddon to be the antichrist,<ref name="henry">[http://www.blueletterbible.org/commentaries/comm_view.cfm?AuthorID=4&contentID=1868&commInfo=5&topic=Revelation ]</ref> while the Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Commentary (1871) and Henry H. Halley (1922) identified the angel as Satan.<ref name="jfb">[http://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/jfb/Rev/Rev_009.cfm=Revelation ]</ref><ref name="halley">Halley (1922) ''Halley's Bible Handbook with the New International Version'', p936.</ref><ref name="bbc">William MacDonald (1995) ''Believer's Bible Commentary'', p2366.</ref> In contrast, the Methodist publication ''The Interpreter’s Bible'' states: “Abaddon, however, is an angel not of Satan but of God, performing his work of destruction at God’s bidding.”<ref>''The New Interpreter's Bible: Hebrews - Revelation (Volume 12)'' by Fred B. Craddock, Leander E. Keck, Luke Timothy Johnson and Christopher Rowland. Abingdon Press, 1998. ISBN  0687278252</ref>
 
===Jehovah's Witnesses===
Jehovah's Witnesses also hold that Abaddon is not satanic, but another name of the resurrected and enthroned Jesus Christ, noting that "at Revelation 20:1-3 the angel having “the key of the abyss” is shown to be God’s representative from heaven, and rather than being “satanic,” he binds and hurls Satan into the abyss."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000007 |title=Abaddon — Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY |publisher=Wol.jw.org |date= |accessdate=2014-04-05}}</ref><ref>Watchtower, 1 December 1961, p. 719</ref>
 
===Latter-Day Saints===
Latter-Day Saints believe that "Abaddon" is a title of the devil.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd/abaddon?lang=eng&letter=a |title=Abaddon |publisher=Lds.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-04}}</ref>




==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|1}}
 
*Metzeger, Bruce M. (ed), Michael D. Coogan (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Bible, Oxford University Press, 1993
*Halley. Henry H.., James E. Ruark (ed), Halley's Bible Handbook, Zondervan Publishing House, 2000, ISBN 0-310-22479-9
*MacDonald, William, Art Farstad (ed), Believer's Bible Commentary, Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1995, ISBN 0-8407-1972-8


*''This article incorporates text from the public-domain ''Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'' 1907''


==Bibliography==
*{{cite book| last =Metzeger| first =Bruce M. (ed.)| authorlink =|author2= Michael D. Coogan (ed.)| title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1993| location = Oxford, UK| pages =| url =| doi =| isbn = 0-19-504645-5 }}


== External Links ==
*{{cite book| last =Halley| first =Henry H.| authorlink =|author2= James E. Ruark (ed.)| title = Halley's Bible Handbook| publisher = Zondervan Publishing House| year = 2000| location = Grand Rapids, MI| pages =| url =| doi =| isbn = 0-310-22479-9 }}
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaddon_(demon) The original source of this article at Wikipedia]


*{{cite book| last =MacDonald| first =William| authorlink =|author2= Art Farstad (ed.)| title = Believer's Bible Commentary| publisher = Thomas Nelson Publishers| year = 1995| location = Nashville, TN| pages =| url =| doi =| isbn = 0-8407-1972-8 }}




*[http://www.cblibrary.org/schaff_h/aa/abaddon.htm ''Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge''], Abaddon
==External Links==
*[http://www.occultopedia.com/a/abaddon.htm ''Occultopedia''], Abaddon
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaddon The original source of this article at Wikipedia]
*[http://www.cblibrary.org/schaff_h/aa/abaddon.htm ''Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge], Abaddon

Latest revision as of 09:43, 11 September 2014

The Hebrew term Abaddon (Hebrew: אֲבַדּוֹן‎, 'Ǎḇaddōn), and its Greek equivalent Apollyon (Ἀπολλύων, Apollyon), also Abbadon, appear in the Bible as a place of destruction and an angel, respectively. In the Hebrew Bible, abaddon is used with reference to a bottomless pit, often appearing alongside the place שאול (sheol), meaning the land of the dead. In the New Testament Book of Revelation, an angel called Abaddon is written as the king of an army of locusts; his name is first transcribed in Greek (Revelation 9:11 – "whose name in Hebrew Abaddon" (Ἀβαδδὼν)), and then translated ("which in Greek means the Destroyer" (Ἀπολλύων, Apollyon)). The Latin Vulgate, as well as the Douay Rheims Bible, has an additional note (not present in the Greek text), "in Latin Exterminans", exterminans being the Latin word for "destroyer".


Judaism

Etymology

According to the Brown Driver Briggs lexicon, the Hebrew abaddon (Hebrew: אבדון; avadon) is an intensive form of the Semitic root and verb stem abad (אָבַד) "perish" (transitive "destroy"), which occurs 184 times in the Hebrew Bible. The Septuagint, an early Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, renders "abaddon" as "ἀπώλεια,"[1] while the Greek Apollyon comes from 'apollumi (ἀπόλλυμι) "to destroy."

Hebrew Bible

The term abaddon appears six times in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible; abaddon means destruction or "place of destruction", or the realm of the dead, and is associated with Sheol.

  • Job 26:6: the grave (Sheol) is naked before Him, and destruction (Abaddon) has no covering.
  • Job 28:22: destruction (Abaddon) and death say...
  • Job 31:12: it is a fire that consumes to destruction (Abaddon)...
  • Psalm 88:11: Shall thy loving kindness be declared in the grave (Sheol) or thy faithfulness in destruction (Abaddon)?
  • Proverbs 15:11: Hell (Sheol) and Destruction (Abaddon) are before the LORD, how much more than the hearts of the children of men?
  • Proverbs 27:20: Hell (Sheol) and Destruction (Abaddon) are never full; so the eyes of man are never satisfied. (KJV, 1611)

Second Temple Era Texts

The text of the Thanksgiving Hymns – which was found in the Dead Sea Scrolls – tells of "the Sheol of Abaddon" and of the "torrents of Belial [that] burst into Abaddon". The Biblical Antiquities (misattributed to Philo) mentions Abaddon as a place (sheol, hell), not as a spirit or demon or angel. Abaddon is also one of the compartments of Gehenna.[2] By extension, it can mean an underworld abode of lost souls, or Hell.

Rabbinical Literature

In some legends, Abaddon is identified as a realm where the damned lie in fire and snow, one of the places in Hell that Moses visited.[3]


Christianity

Etymology

The Greek term "the Destroyer" (Apollyon, Ἀπολλύων) is the active participle of apollumi (ἀπόλλυμι) "to destroy".[4] The term is not used as a name in classical Greek texts.[5]

New Testament

The Christian scriptures contain the first known depiction of Abaddon as an individual entity instead of a place.

Revelation 9:11 And they had a king over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in the Hebrew tongue is Abaddon, but in the Greek tongue hath his name Apollyon. KJV, 1611

In Revelation 9:11, Abaddon is described as "The Destroyer",[6] the angel of the abyss,[6] and as the king of a plague of locusts resembling horses with crowned human faces, women's hair, lions' teeth, wings, iron breast-plates, and a tail with a scorpion's stinger that torments for five months anyone who does not have the seal of God on their foreheads.[7]

Gnostic Texts

In the 3rd century Acts of Thomas, Abaddon is the name of a demon, or the Devil himself.

Abaddon is given particularly important roles in two sources, a homily entitled "The Enthronement of Abbaton" by pseudo-Timothy of Alexandria, and the Apocalypse of Bartholomew.[8] In the homily by Timothy, Abbaton was first named Muriel, and had been given the task by God of collecting the earth which would be used in the creation of Adam. Upon completion of this task, the angel was then named to be guardian. Everyone, including the angels, demons, and corporeal entities, felt fear of him. Abbaton engaged in prayer and ultimately obtained the promise that any men who venerated him during their lifetime stood the chance of being saved. Abaddon is also said to have a prominent role in the Last Judgement, as the one who will take the souls to the Valley of Josaphat.[8] He is described in the Apocalypse of Bartholomew as being present in the Tomb of Jesus at the moment of his resurrection.[9]

Protestant Commentators

The symbolism of Revelation 9:11 leaves the exact identification of Abaddon open for interpretation. Matthew Henry (1708) believed Abaddon to be the antichrist,[10] while the Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Commentary (1871) and Henry H. Halley (1922) identified the angel as Satan.[11][12][13] In contrast, the Methodist publication The Interpreter’s Bible states: “Abaddon, however, is an angel not of Satan but of God, performing his work of destruction at God’s bidding.”[14]

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses also hold that Abaddon is not satanic, but another name of the resurrected and enthroned Jesus Christ, noting that "at Revelation 20:1-3 the angel having “the key of the abyss” is shown to be God’s representative from heaven, and rather than being “satanic,” he binds and hurls Satan into the abyss."[15][16]

Latter-Day Saints

Latter-Day Saints believe that "Abaddon" is a title of the devil.[17]


References

  1. ↑ "Revelation 9:1 - Johann Albrecht Bengel's Gnomon of the New Testament - Commentaries". StudyLight.org. http://www.studylight.org/com/jab/view.cgi?bk=65&ch=9. Retrieved 2014-04-05. 
  2. ↑ Metzger & Coogan (1993) Oxford Companion to the Bible, p3.
  3. ↑ "Chapter IV: Moses in Egypt". Sacred-texts.com. http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/loj/loj206.htm. Retrieved 2014-04-03. 
  4. ↑ "Greek Word Study Tool". Perseus.tufts.edu. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=a%29po%2Flluwn&la=greek. Retrieved 2014-04-05. 
  5. ↑ "Greek Word Study Tool". Perseus.tufts.edu. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=a)po%252Fllumi&la=greek#lexicon. Retrieved 2014-04-05. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Revelation 9:11 NIV - They had as king over them the angel of". Bible Gateway. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation%209:11&version=NIV. Retrieved 2014-04-05. 
  7. ↑ "Revelation 9:7-10 NIV - The locusts looked like horses prepared". Bible Gateway. http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation%209:7-10&version=NIV. Retrieved 2014-04-03. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Atiya, Aziz S. The Coptic Encyclopedia. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1991. ISBN 0-02-897025-X
  9. ↑ "Gospel Of Bartholomew". Pseudepigrapha.com. http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/LostBooks/bartholomew.htm. Retrieved 2014-04-03. 
  10. ↑ [1]
  11. ↑ [2]
  12. ↑ Halley (1922) Halley's Bible Handbook with the New International Version, p936.
  13. ↑ William MacDonald (1995) Believer's Bible Commentary, p2366.
  14. ↑ The New Interpreter's Bible: Hebrews - Revelation (Volume 12) by Fred B. Craddock, Leander E. Keck, Luke Timothy Johnson and Christopher Rowland. Abingdon Press, 1998. ISBN 0687278252
  15. ↑ "Abaddon — Watchtower ONLINE LIBRARY". Wol.jw.org. http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000007. Retrieved 2014-04-05. 
  16. ↑ Watchtower, 1 December 1961, p. 719
  17. ↑ "Abaddon". Lds.org. https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bd/abaddon?lang=eng&letter=a. Retrieved 2014-08-04. 


Bibliography

  • Metzeger, Bruce M. (ed.) (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Halley, Henry H. (2000). Halley's Bible Handbook. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House.
  • MacDonald, William (1995). Believer's Bible Commentary. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers.


External Links

Retrieved from "http://succubus.net/wiki/index.php?title=Abbadon&oldid=29566"